Understanding and Using Pointers in Delphi

Comprehension and Using Pointers in Delphi Despite the fact that pointers arent as significant in Delphi as they are in C or C, theyre such an essential apparatus, that nearly anything having to do with programming must arrangement with pointers in some design. Its thus that you may find out about how a string or item is extremely only a pointer, or that an occasion handler, for example, OnClick, is really a pointer to a method. Pointer to Data Type Basically, a pointer is a variable that holds the location of anything in memory. To solid this definition, remember that everything utilized by an application is put away some place in the PCs memory. Since a pointer holds the location of another variable, its said to highlight that variable. More often than not, pointers in Delphi point to a particular sort: variValue, j : integer;pIntValue : ^integer;beginiValue : 2001;pIntValue : iValue;...j: pIntValue^;end; The linguistic structure to announce a pointer information type utilizes a caret (^). In the above code, iValue is a number kind variable and pIntValue is a whole number sort pointer. Since a pointer is simply a location in memory, we should appoint to it the area (address) of the worth put away in the iValue whole number variable. The administrator restores the location of a variable (or a capacity or methodology as will be seen underneath). Comparable to the administrator is Addr work. Note that pIntValues esteem isn't 2001. In this example code, pIntValue is a composed whole number pointer. Great programming style is to utilize composed pointers as much as possible. The Pointer information type is a conventional pointer type; it speaks to a pointer to any information. Note that when ^ shows up after a pointer variable, it de-references the pointer; that is, it restores the worth put away at the memory address held by the pointer. In this model, variable j has a similar incentive as iValue. It may seem as though this has no reason when we can basically allot iValue to j, yet this bit of code lies behind most calls to Win API. NILing Pointers Unassigned pointers are risky. Since pointers let us work legitimately with PCs memory, in the event that we attempt to (unintentionally) keep in touch with an ensured area in memory, we could get an entrance infringement mistake. This is the explanation we ought to consistently instate a pointer to NIL. NIL is an exceptional steady that can be appointed to any pointer. At the point when nil is doled out to a pointer, the pointer doesn’t reference anything. Delphi presents, for instance, an unfilled unique exhibit or a long string as a nil pointer. Character Pointers The essential sorts PAnsiChar and PWideChar speak to pointers to AnsiChar and WideChar values. The conventional PChar speaks to a pointer to a Char variable. These character pointers are utilized to control invalid ended strings. Think about a PChar similar to a pointer to an invalid ended string or to the exhibit that speaks to one. Pointers to Records At the point when we characterize a record or other information type, its a typical practice likewise to characterize a pointer to that type. This makes it simple to control examples of the sort without duplicating huge squares of memory. The capacity to have pointers to records (and exhibits) makes it a lot simpler to set up confounded information structures as connected records and trees. typepNextItem ^TLinkedListItemTLinkedListItem recordsName : String;iValue : Integer;NextItem : pNextItem;end; The thought behind connected records is to give us the likelihood to store the location to the following connected thing in a rundown inside a NextItem record field. Pointers to records can likewise be utilized while putting away custom information for each tree see thing, for instance. Procedural and Method Pointers Another significant pointer idea in Delphi is methodology and technique pointers. Pointers that point to the location of a methodology or capacity are called procedural pointers. Technique pointers are like methodology pointers. In any case, rather than highlighting independent strategies, they should highlight class techniques. Technique pointer is a pointer that contains data about both the name and article that is being summoned. Pointers and Windows API The most widely recognized use for pointers in Delphi is interfacing to C and C code, which incorporates getting to the Windows API. Windows API capacities utilize various information types that may be new to the Delphi software engineer. The greater part of the boundaries in calling API capacities are pointers to certain information type. As expressed above, we utilize invalid ended strings in Delphi when calling Windows API capacities. Much of the time, when an API consider restores an incentive in a cushion or pointer to an information structure, these supports and information structures must be dispensed by the application before the API call is made. The SHBrowseForFolder Windows API work is one model. Pointer and Memory Allocation The genuine intensity of pointers originates from the capacity to put aside memory while the program is executing. This bit of code ought to be sufficient to demonstrate that working with pointers isn't as hard as it would appear from the outset. Its used to change the content (subtitle) of the control with the Handle gave. technique GetTextFromHandle(hWND: THandle) ;var pText : PChar;/a pointer to singe (see above)TextLen : integer;begin{get the length of the text}TextLen:GetWindowTextLength(hWND) ;{alocate memory}GetMem(pText,TextLen) ;/takes a pointer{get the controls text}GetWindowText(hWND, pText, TextLen 1) ;{display the text}ShowMessage(String(pText)){free the memory}FreeMem(pText) ;end;

Music Appreciation essays

Music Appreciation expositions I have consistently been an individual who has appreciated existence with music. Ive run over various individuals that have disclosed to me that they dont truly tune in to music, and each time I hear it I cannot help yet take a gander at them clever. I cannot envision the amount of a void these people groups lives must be in the event that they dont even acknowledge music. Since the beginning of time music has been alluded to as a fine art. Rulers and Kings had artists, Countries use songs of praise to mirror their convictions, and the majority of the individuals today use it to identify with how they feel or to assist them with adapting to things in their lives. Music can characterize, move, isolated, or make individuals meet up. Imagine a scenario where there was no Christmas music to tune in to while opening your presents. Consider the possibility that the Happy Birthday tune was never sung. We as a whole appreciate music whether you understand it or not. The main CD I had my mother get me was Aerosmiths Get a Grip. I used to play it again and again until I could for all intents and purposes recount melodies in my rest. The manner in which the guitar and drums sounded together resembled paradise to me. I generally imagined that they must be prodigies to think of this stuff, until I discovered the amount they adored medications and liquor. At that point throughout the years as I loved more groups and read about them, I discovered that every one of them appeared to have substance misuse issues. So then I understood that it must not be the minds, however something different. At the point when I got a little more seasoned and somewhat more incensed with life as an early adolescent, I started to truly adore the way Metalica sounded. I would put my sound system as boisterous as it could go and simply stay there in my room perusing the verses on the CD front. Simply tuning in to it in my room would let me disregard whatever was pestering me at that point, and gave me that I wasnt the just one around having issues throughout my life and simply hearing another person sing about it can truly help up your good. Later on when my better half at the time b ... <!

Feed Your Fiction Addiction A Hot Spot for YA and NA Enthusiasts

Feed Your Fiction Addiction A Hot Spot for YA and NA Enthusiasts If youre like me, then you have an ever-growing list of books, and when its time to choose your next read, you dont know where to start. Thats where the popular blog Feed Your Fiction Addiction comes in. This book blog provides everything you could ever need to choose your next book in the YA (young adult) or NA (new adult) categories, participate in reading challenges, and even learn about writing your own book reviews.The authorHomeschooling mom of three Nicole Hewitt took her love of fiction and her own talent for writing and turned it into a website offering book reviews on YA and NA, writing and editing services, and much more. Since beginning her blog five years ago, shes won a number of top book blog awards in the blogosphere and is in GoodReads top 1% of reviewers. Shes dedicated to her craft, and her passion for reading and writing shows. Her familiar and friendly writing style invites you in, making you feel like you are chatting with your girlfriends at a book club, or tal king with your sister over coffee.I learned about NA fiction while reading Ms. Hewitts blog. NA stands for New Adult, which was a new category to me! It means the protagonist of the book is between the ages of 18 and 30. This developing genre often focuses on issues important to young people, especially women, including moving out, sex, education, and starting a career. Its considered a crossover category from YA fiction, appealing to the older crowd that is still into YA fiction. Ms. Hewitts blog is part of the growing movement in popularizing these books and this category and is helping to create the community that surrounds this type of book.ReviewsMs. Hewitt has blogged over 700 fiction book reviews with thorough, thought-provoking commentary which helps the reader truly understand not only the plot summary, but also the highs (and sometimes lows) of each book. She lays out each review in an easy-to-read fashion, with the book cover, her rating system, and a plot summary. Then s he explains what she liked, didnt like, and what she was neutral about as she read the book under her signature My Take section. She also includes a button that allows you to add the book to your own GR TBR (thats your GoodReads To-Be-Read list in book blogger lingo! For more on that, check out Ms. Hewitts awesome list decoding book blogger acronyms and slang).Her reviews are easily searchable and you can view her list of reviews by author, title, or rating. She also takes the time to respond to nearly every comment on her blog, answering questions and creating a fun dialogue after each blog entry. Her pure volume of entries is another feature to be applauded. She is truly dedicated to reading and blogging.I love her bite-sized reviews concept, in which she offers several short reviews in one blog post, focusing on similarly-themed books. Theyre a great way to get a quick snapshot of many different books and get some help choosing which YA or NA book to read next.Because of Ms. Hewi tts expertise in teaching her own children, she also offers a spotlight on books for middle grade students (around ages 8 through 12). She had a fully dedicated blog that reviewed middle grade-focused books, but it appears this merged with her main blog sometime in 2017. Therefore, her blog also includes many reviews on books of this genre, which is great because many of the women reading NA fiction have children who are reading the middle grade genre.Design and setupMs. Hewitts logo is adorable and her name is catchy, cute, and appealing to her demographic. In her drop-down menus, all the entries in a category are listed out and easily searchable using the Find function of your browser. She also has a search function on her blog itself, which is helpful. I used it to search for blog entries on a particular topic and I got some terrific relevant entries that I couldnt find myself.Reading and writing challengesOne of the most popular activities in the reading/writing blog community i s participating in challenges. Reading or writing challenges encourage the participants to read a certain number of books or to write a certain number of blogs within a given time frame, for example. On her blog, Ms. Hewitt has collected, categorized, and summarized hundreds of reading and writing challenges, with a quick link to join. Challenges that interest each individual reader are easy to find thanks to her category system, listing challenges under headings like Location-Based Challenges, Blogging Challenges, and Topical Challenges. This list is helpful for readers and bloggers alike, and it seems like everyone loves to participate in these. She also keeps track of her own progress in reading challenges, such as Bookopoly, which is a Monopoly-themed reading challenge. Each square on the Bookopoly board asks the reader to choose a book based on a common theme (e.g., a book with a yellow cover, a book featuring an animal). The goal is to check off each game square throughout the entire calendar year, and it looks like Ms. Hewitt never fails!Blogging communityBy reading Ms. Hewitts blog, its obvious that shes a huge supporter of her blogging community. She keeps a calendar of fellow bloggers birthdays and blogoversaries (their blog anniversaries) and promotes fellow bloggers in many of her entries and through her giveaways. Its clear that shes important to the community of YA and NA bloggers and enjoys being a part of it.Her feminist slant is inspiring and brings this community together. The YA and NA categories are powered mostly by women writers and readers, so it would be hard to not be a little bit feminist. Shes constantly promoting female fiction writers as well as female bloggers, so you can see why young women who read this genre would look up to Ms. Hewitt and her blogging counterparts.She touches on controversial topics that are interesting to her demographic, including celibacy shaming (the opposite of slut shaming), books about the abortion deba te, Banned Books Week (and her unpopular opinion on reading banned books), LGBT books, and her Christian faith. Shes unafraid to voice her opinion on these topics and is interested in stirring up conversation, even if not all of her readers agree. Shes respectful and thoughtful about the point of view of others, which allows her readers to truly open up and become part of the discussion. Its inspiring to see a corner of the internet where these topics can be discussed in a civil manner and where everyone leaves the table as friends. For example, she highlights the discussion of her faith and states that shes never known about a reader or a follower shes lost due to her faith. If you delve into the comments, you will see commenters of all faiths (and nonfaiths) letting her know theyre proud of her for discussing the topic on her blog and that they enjoy reading about her personal beliefs. Not only is she invested in her blogging community, but theyre also invested in her.Fun featured postsAside from book reviews, Ms. Hewitt provides her take on many different book-related topics on her blog. A favorite feature of her readers is Top Ten Tuesday â€" on various Tuesdays throughout the year, she highlights a new topic, listing out her 10 favorites in categories like quick reads, hidden gems, and books shes highly anticipating. This exciting feature gives readers a glance into whats new and next in the fiction world.Ms. Hewitt also features giveaways on her blog. Thanks to her partnership with some publishers, she has special book-related giveaways. Her current Valentines Day promotion is especially adorable, with giveaways of Macmillan Collectors Library Editions of some of their classic love stories like Emma, Jane Eyre, and Wuthering Heights. Many of the monthly giveaways are geared toward other blog writers, requiring entrants to link to their own current blog post in order to win. Yet another way shes a champion of the book blogging community!Ms. Hewitts Lets D iscuss feature touches on many different topics for readers and bloggers alike. She really likes to get the conversation flowing in the comments, responding and replying to the thoughts of everyone. Some of these posts have upwards of 75 or 100 comments! She writes on topics for readers like how to deal with a lapse in your reading habits, as well as topics for bloggers, like how to write a quick blog post.Blogger assistanceAfter reading through Ms. Hewitts blog, its easy to become enamored with her fun and witty writing style. Its also easy to envision yourself doing what she does â€" writing a book blog seems like so much fun! But if youre just getting started, it may be difficult to come up with topics or to decide what books to blog about. Well, Feed Your Fiction Addiction has you covered. Ms. Hewitt has an extensive list of blog post topics, ranging from your favorite hobby outside of book blogging to what book character you would want as a boyfriend. Her creative and interesting topics could make any reader want to start his or her own blog. You can also have your birthday and blogoversary easily added to her calendar â€" a great place to shop your link to the book blogging community since she does seem to have a great amount of traffic to her site.Its clear that Ms. Hewitts blog is a hot spot for those in the YA and NA reading and blogging community, and its not hard to see why. Shes an enthusiastic and voracious reader who enjoys chronicling her journey through books and blogging, sharing her stories with many along the way. Its an inspiring read, so give it a bookmark if youre into YA or NA fiction!

Symptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease - 1063 Words

There are many medications on the market right now to try and help the effects of Alzheimer’s disease, many of these treat the symptoms but not the cause. One specific medication, cholinesterase inhibitors is not fully understood but it is believed to help decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.). Cholinesterase is both beneficial in it’s aid in treatment and not— this medicine over time causes neurons not to produce as much acetylcholine (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.). This drug works on mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease because there is often a problem with synaptic activity due to TAU blockage and cell to cell connections in the genetic neuronal manifestation in Alzheimers (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.; Alzheimer s Disease Medications Fact Sheet, 2015). Another medication type that is used to help treat more severe Alzheimer’s is an N-methyl D-aspartat e (NMDA) antagonist, as with Cholinesterase the treatment isn’t fully known how it works (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d.; Alzheimer s Disease Medications Fact Sheet, 2015). The antagonist is believed to help regulate glutamate concentration in the brain with the regulation of NMDA receptors, a membrane bound receptor in neurons which may be affected by a mutation in the PSN1 gene (About Alzheimer s Disease: Treatment, n.d; Alzheimer s Disease Medications Fact Sheet, 2015). A majority of medications comeShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease920 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough there is no cure for Alzheimer’s there are ways to treat this disease. Certain medications may help lessen the symptoms, such as memory loss and confusion but only for a limited amount of time. The Food and Drug Administration have approved the following types of medications: cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, both of these medications treat the cognitive s ymptoms of Alzheimer s disease. (Office) Unfortunately, as Alzheimer’s advances the patient’s brain cells progressively die andRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1780 Words   |  8 Pagesof Alzheimer s disease, the first thing that comes to mind is memory loss. This is something that may affect a family member, a close friend, a coworker, or someone dear to our heart. Currently, there is no cure for it, yet due to extensive research, there are more treatment options for it. The available medications that have been approved by the FDA can possibly slow the progression of the disease, but it is a temporary benefit. Research is ongoing and recent developments in treatment hasRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay880 Words   |  4 Pagesthose being myself. Though it seemed her memory was very clear on the subject, she did not realize that I was one of those 4 girls. My grandma has Alzheimer’s disease. She started showing mild signs of it around the age of 75 and it has slowly progressed over the years. Now, 10 years later her memory is almost completely gone. Alzheimer s disease is an irreversible, abnormal, progressive deterioration of the brain that causes victims to steadily lose the ability to remember, reason, and comprehend (WardlawRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1930 Words   |  8 Pagesneurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is currently the most common cause of dementia and affects millions of people around the world. ¹ There are multiple risk factors associated with AD, including genetic factors, hypertension, diet and most significantly, age. Individuals over the age of 65 are most vulnerable to the disease and at this point, the risk increases every 5 years. ¹ Alzheimer’s Disease was first described over 100 years ago by Alois Alzheimer in Germany, characterising the firstRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease911 Words   |  4 Pageshas found out that her grandmother had passed away from Alzheimer’s disease after she was diagnosed prior to moving into a nursing home. She is currently in good health from recent records of her physical from last year. Her past medical history includes a broken pinky finger in 2005, a hyper extended knee in 2010, and a sprained thumb from early 2015. All three of these cases were fixed and the patient is not looking for treatment for any illness at the time. Patient reports that she is eating a well-balancedRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Alzheimer s Disease1592 Words   |  7 PagesAlzheimer’s disease. It was devastating to hear, especially not knowing what to expect, and only having information and ideas based on stereotypical behavior. I am familiar with some of the characteristics of a person living with AD, (Alzheimer’s Disease), however I really do not know what to expect as the disease progresses. My goal with this research paper is to develop my understanding of the disease as a caretaker, and find alternative treatments to go along with his current medical treatment plan.Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease2254 Words   |  10 Pagescommon is that they’re aware of who they are and what they want to accomplish, well for the most part that is. There are many people living in this world with a disease called Alzheimer’s, which is a very deadly and mysterious disease. Alzheimer’s is a type of Dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. This disease is a progressive cognitive disorder that deteriorates brain cells eventually to the point of destroying them. This kind of deterioration leads to memory loss asRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease1220 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesThere are many diseases and disorders in the world that can attack a human’s body and destroy certain organ systems in the process. In this paper, you will learn about a particular disease that has been studied by many scientists and doctors for decades. Research hospitals such as Mayo Clinic and John Hopkins University have studied Alzheimer’s disease in order to come to conclusions on what the disease is and what can cure the disease. This disease can cause critical damage to a human’s body fromRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease2077 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"According to doctors in the early 20th century anyone over the age of 65 who marked a sign of confusion was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Bair, 5).† AD is form of dementia. â€Å"It is also a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a mean duration of around 8.5 years between onset of clinical symptoms and death (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).† Th e medicine and science related to dementia and AD specifically has evolved a long way to develop strategies to encourage the healthy altitude of the brainRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : Symptoms And Treatment Of Dementia1482 Words   |  6 Pagesolder will be suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. There is other subsets of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease being one of the most well known. With the skyrocketing increase of individuals suffering from dementia will come the need for more intervention and prevention projects to help the number of individuals suffering from all forms of dementia. Even though there is an umbrella of different forms of dementia, dementia it self is a term used to describe a disease that is chronic, progressive, and terminal

Kate Chopin, An American Writer - 1425 Words

Kate Chopin, an American writer, known for her vivid portrayals of women’s lives during the late 1800s. Her fiction works usually set in Louisiana, which contributed too much of her description of women’s roles. During Chopin’s time, Louisiana was in the midst of reconstruction and was having racial and economic issues. (Skaggs 4) Louisiana is the setting for many of Chopin’s stories, and they depict a realistic picture of Louisiana society. Kate Chopin published two novels and many short stories. Most of Chopin’s work challenged whether or not women should continue to follow the traditions of their time. Skaggs stated that critics described Chopin as a â€Å"feminist, a local colorist, a regionalist, a romantic, a neotranscendentalist, an†¦show more content†¦As the exhaustion of liberty finally sets in, Mrs. Mallard loses it all in an instance. â€Å"Chopin is considered a regional writer, and her setting often plays as important a role in the story as do her characters,† such as in â€Å"The Storm,† the hurricane leaves Calixta alone causing the events that follow (Jaroff 1). The â€Å"Storm† discusses a woman trapped inside an old, wooden cabin during a storm. The woman seems fragile and scared. For example, the woman’s son says, â€Å"Mama’ll be ‘fraid†¦Maybe she got Sylvie helpin’ her this evenin’† (Chopin 1). As she awaited the storm to pass in the store, Calixta was at home gathering all the clothing from the lines, when a man showed up that she had not seen since her marriage. In â€Å"The Storm,† it describes a married woman who has never been alone since her marriage. Implying that her marriage is confining her. Although she married at a young age, she never lost sight of her cheerfulness. The women were crying for their families to come home safe and sound from the storm, but as she looked out the window, the man came and put his arm around her shoulder to comfort her. As they begin to have an affair, it was almost as if they are trying to go against the traditions. During this time in history, women could not just be â€Å"free,† so Chopin begins to argue that freedom is crucial. Women should be able to make their choices as to how they want to live. The â€Å"storm† signifies a disaster, but inShow MoreRelated American Literature: Kate Chopin, and Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman1506 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years American Literature has become an important part of the American history. In the other hand, it is really important for people to study the significant of the American literature, because in particular is associated with influence of the American culture. People should know more about their culture, because it is the place where they are living in. Literature was brought to the United State s from the European culture. The American literature started to develop during the antebellumRead MoreKate Chopins Writing Career and Influence on Society Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin was a influential author that introduced powerful female characters to the american literacy world. She was most known for her brilliant book The Awakening. However at that time it received many negative reviews, causing the downfall of Kate’s writing career. Now the book is such a influential story that it is being taught in classrooms throughout the world. This essay will discuss Kate Chopin’s writing career and the impact her writing has on society. Kate Chopin was an author bestRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s `` Desiree s Baby ``822 Words   |  4 PagesRegionalism reflected in Kate Chopin’s Writings During the latter half of the nineteenth-century, American literature had a renaissance with the development of new writing styles that strived to fully grasp and express the American way of life. Regionalism, which is a writing style that incorporates setting, dialect, and local color of certain regions of the United States was prominent among these new writing styles. Kate Chopin, one of the most prominent feminist writers of the nineteenth-centuryRead MoreKate Chopin s Literary Creativity And Women s Independence1097 Words   |  5 Pages Kate Chopin has become one of the most influential feminist writers of the century. From Chopin’s literary rejection of The Awakening, the rejection sparked a fire in Chopin’s feminist side. Chopin began writing short stories that would become society’s lead in literary creativity and women’s independence. Kate Chopin’s biography is astonishingly intriguing and the importance Chopin plays to the feminist literature genre is exceptional. Critics either rave Chopin’s work or completely destroy itRead MoreKate Chopin s Story Of The Hour Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin was an American author who wrote two novels that got published and at least a hundred short stories. In Kate’s short story The Story of the Hour she uses some of her traumatic event that happened in her lifespan in the short story even though it the story is fictional. A lot of her fictions were set in Louisiana and her best-known works focused on the lives of se nsitive intelligent women. One-third of Mrs. Chopin’s stories are children’s stories. A lot of Mrs. Chopin’s novels were forgottenRead MoreLeo Haines. Professor Capozzi. Research Paper. April 29,1518 Words   |  7 PagesLeo Haines Professor Capozzi Research Paper April 29, 2017 Kate Chopin Kate Chopin was a famous author of short stories and articles. Kate was born on February 8, 1850, in St. Louis Missouri, and she grew up speaking English and French. After her husband has passed in 1882, and that is when her writing career launched. In most of her novels and stories her characters are bilingual, also known as fluent in two languages. Kate Chopin using the theme of feminism in her stories, â€Å"The Awakening†, â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the main character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is a woman with a heart problem that gets horrifying news that her husband has passed away in a train crash. When she starts thinking about her freedom, she gets excited; she is happy to start her new, free life. However, a few hours later her husband walks in the door and she finds out it was all a mistake. When she realizes her freedom is gone her heart stop and she then d ies. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Desiree is an orphanedRead MoreKate Chopin s The Storm Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The famous writer Kate Chopin once said, â€Å"The voice of the sea speaks to the soul.† The Awakening, (1899). Kate Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time. She was an American author of short stories and novels. She was born on February 08, 1850 in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. She died on August 22, 1904, in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Written in 1898 but not published until it appeared in The Complete Works of Kate Chopin in 1969, The Storm hasRead MoreThe Life and Works of Kate Chopin1569 Words   |  6 PagesKate wrote two novels and hundreds of short stories. Few of her stories were â€Å"Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening†. One of Kate Chopins most famous stories is the Story of an Hour. In the story Chopin was brave enough to challenge the society in which she lived because in the first half of the 19th century, women were not allowed the freedoms men enjoyed in the judgments of the law, the church or the government. This famous short story showed the conflict between the social traditional requirementsRead MoreSt. Louis And New Orleans1606 Words   |  7 PagesKate Chopin was born Katherine O’Flaherty on February 8, 1851, in St. Louis, Missouri, into a socially prominent family with roots in the French past of both St. Louis and New Orleans. Her father, Thomas O’Flaherty, an immigrant from Ireland, had lived in New York and Illinois before settling in St. Louis, where he prospered as the owner of a commission house. In 1839, he married into a well-known Creole family, members of the city’s social elite, but his wife died in childbirth only a year later

Unit 4 Ip Free Essays

Unit 4 IP Date: February 3, 2013 1. What two policies could you use to reduce the total amount of emissions? The first policy that I would put in place is a reduction of hours available for the plants to run. I think that by reducing the available operation times, you will have less production and therefore less pollution. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 4 Ip or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will ultimately force the company who definitely needs all the time they can to produce their products, to find a cleaner way to get the job done. The second policy that I would put in place would be a limitation on the amount of certain chemicals that can be used. I would limit the use of chemicals that cause the most emissions problems and invoke fines on anyone who goes over the limited usage. This would 2. Why do you think they each would work? As I mentioned above, the first policy would force the company to find a better way to produce power without the dangers of the externalities polluting the air. The company will need to operate at a certain level to produce power, so they would have no other choice but to find a way to reduce emissions. With the second policy would only work if there were fines associated with using more than the allotted amount of chemicals that cause pollution. We could have policies all day long, but if there are no consequences or they don’t have anyone to answer to then things will not change. They will continue to produce at levels that are dangerous to the people around them. 3. What would the benefits of each action be (besides emissions reduction)? In addition to the reduction of emissions, we would also gain control of the quality of energy being produced. There would be a consistent product that was produced cleanly and it definitely would be better for the health of the people that live around the power plants. The health benefits are fewer illnesses such as cancer, upper respiratory infections, and skin diseases associated with the release of externalities. 4. What would the costs of each action be? With the first policy if it is put into place the power plant is definitely going to lose money. If we limit the amount of hours of production, they will definitely not be able to meet whatever quotas they have already put in place. They will produce less and this could affect their bottom line. With the second policy, it may cost them a little more to put into place different procedures to measure the amount of certain chemicals released into the air. It won’t be nearly as costly as reduced hours would be, but the minimal cost would definitely be worth it. 5. How would you decide what was the best level of emission reduction? I would determine what levels of certain chemicals are safe for the neighborhood through testing and with research that has already been done. There are already studies on what is safe and what could harm a population of people or animals that are located near a power plant. References: Power Plant Pollution Control. (n. d. ). Engineering Services Outsourcing. Retrieved February 4, 2013, from http://www. engineeringservicesoutsourcing How to cite Unit 4 Ip, Papers

Operating Procedures in Law Enforcement Essay Sample free essay sample

Law enforcement can be a really tough and extremely nerve-racking calling. It involves 24/7 responsibilities in service of the community that involves a work environment that compels one to be in the line of danger most of the clip. There are assorted jurisprudence enforcement duties. These are divided into different units in the constabulary section organisation and are carried out harmonizing to pre-defined processs. Traffic Unit of measurements Traffic units guarantee the safety of walkers and automobilists in their legal power. It ensures that the demands of vicinity occupants. schools and the demands of the larger community with respects to route usage are met. This can be achieved by monitoring and modulating driving velocities in residential roadways and major main roads. implementing proper parking policies and other traffic ordinances ( U. S. DOL ) Vehicle weight monitoring is besides portion of the traffic unit duty in vicinities with regulations such as this ( City of Norfolk ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Operating Procedures in Law Enforcement Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Traffic units besides routinely inspect commercial vehicles. cabs and some cases. even private vehicles for conformity. They can besides move on ailments of citizens and automobilists with respects to route usage and public transit conditions. The traffic unit conducts intelligence with respects to forms of traffic in the thoroughfares of their countries of duty. the efficiency of current traffic ordinances and standard processs in order to place and repair job countries together with other concerned bureaus ( City of Clive ) . The ultimate end is to plan systems that lower the frequence and gravitation of traffic incidents and let for rapid response. In the event of route incidents. the traffic unit seeks to ease the prompt bringing of medical attending to victims. behavior foremost assistance. redirect traffic off from the scene of the incident. look into its causes. reach the following of family of victims. obtain necessary grounds and quickly clear up route obstructors in order for the normal flow of traffic to result ( U. S. DOL ) . Traffic units besides perform societal maps by take parting in parades to direct traffic. supply protection to participants. command the crowd and respond to offense in the class of the event ( City of Norfolk ) . These units besides accompany funeral emanations or supply bodyguard and protection upon petition of civilians and the armed forces. Patrol Division The Patrol Division is at the front line of jurisprudence enforcement. They comb the main roads. streets and vicinities for any marks declarative mood of offense or exigency state of affairss utilizing patrol autos. bikes. bikes or on pes. At the same clip. they are ready to react to exigency calls and calls for other signifiers of aid. Patroling gives a sense of security to the community. helps to discourage offense and AIDSs in speedy response to state of affairss. Patrol autos are a must to this division because it allows for greater mobility than pes patrol. higher profile visibleness. constabulary screen and the capacity to utilize more efficient communications engineering ( The Police Notebook ) . Patrol autos besides permit the conveyance of arrested individuals from the offense scene to detainment and for jurisprudence hatchet mans to supply transit aid. Patrol autos are normally used during high precedence exigency state of affairss. Specially equipped mountain motorcycles for constabulary usage are besides progressively being used today. Police cycling permits the execution of major patrol maps in about all types of conditions conditions. a assortment of traffic state of affairss and scenes such as campuses or cramped vicinities ( The Police Notebook ) . Bike patrol is besides efficient during concerts. parades. athleticss and other public events and facilitates greater interaction between jurisprudence hatchet mans and the populace. The advantage of utilizing motorcycles over patrol autos or bikes is besides underscored in the stealing and enhanced mobility achieved in siting bikes ( IPMBA ) . Criminals apprehended by constabulary bicyclers in countries unaccessible to police autos refer to it as â€Å"sneaky tactics† . Greater success in trailing after felons utilizing the foot-bike combination has besides been reported. At the same clip. operational costs are reduced and extra weight excessively! Training Unit of measurements The capacities of jurisprudence hatchet mans are derived from their formal preparation and every bit of import. from their experience on the occupation. Potential recruits are screened based on eligibility standards such as age. physical and psychological fittingness. personal background. experience. accomplishments and college instruction ( U. S. DOL ) . They may besides hold to go through lie sensor trials. drug trials and written scrutinies. The Personnel Division of the constabulary section is responsible for the enlisting procedure and the referral of trainees to patrol academies prior to service ( City of Norfolk ) . Police academies have firing scope installations. FATS simulation suites. schoolrooms and obstruction classs where trainees undergo 3-6 months developing affecting schoolroom and hands-on direction ( City of Norfolk ) . Trainees get cognition and pattern in constitutional and civil rights. province Torahs and local regulations. accident probe. patrol. traffic control. pieces use. self-defence. first assistance and exigency response ( U. S. DOL ) . They besides receive direction on community policing. moralss in patroling. herd control and basic condemnable jurisprudence ( City of Norfolk ) . Specialized and go oning instruction is besides provided to officers in order to update their cognition and accomplishments and increase their capacity. Police academies and federal bureaus give annual preparations in self-defense tactics. pieces. use-of-force policies. motorcycle patrol. human dealingss. terrorist act. relevant legal developments and progresss in jurisprudence enforcement equipment ( U. S. DOL and City of Norfolk ) . Not a few jurisprudence enforcement bureaus besides give inducements for officers to foster their surveies towards achieving grades in condemnable justness. constabulary scientific discipline. justness disposal or public disposal ( U. S. DOL ) . Central Records Division Police studies. grounds and citizen studies are forwarded to the Central Records Division which creates a database for condemnable histories. communications. exposure. fingerprints. incident studies. accident studies and warrants ( City of Norfolk ) . The Central Records Division facilitates information exchange with local. province and federal jurisprudence enforcement bureaus every bit good as the populace. This division is normally divided into sub-units executing separate but mutualist maps. For case. the Norfolk Police Department Central Records Division consists of: the Public Service Counter. Word Process Center. Photo Lab. Warrant Section. Property and Evidence Unit. False Alarm and Funeral Escort Section. Identification Section. and the Central Desk for the Police Operations Center ( City of Norfolk ) . Law Enforcement and the Courts Law hatchet mans must assign sufficient work clip in composing scrupulous studies sing their activities. Reports are necessary because they can be used as grounds in tribunal and jurisprudence hatchet mans do frequently come in the tribunals as informants. It is besides the responsibility of jurisprudence hatchet mans. more specifically correctional officers. to transport or escort arrested persons to and from the tribunals in the aftermath of hearings and to convey convicted felons to their proper detainment centres. Administration The administrative maps sing jurisprudence enforcement work is carried out by the office of the Chief of Police which sets down departmental marks and aims and makes certain that the operations conducted by the different units or divisions are well-planned. organized and synchronized towards these ends ( City of Tulare ) . This office besides institutes good working relationships with other condemnable justness bureaus and authorities bureaus. It furnishes rating studies and recommendations to the local authorities unit to assistance in policy devising and may besides keep meetings with the populace when the demand arises ( City of Tulare ) . The office of the Chief of Police consists of disposal units such as Communications. Records. Drug Awareness and Education and Crime Prevention ( City of Tulare ) . The Communications Unit is responsible for keeping local exigency hotlines. constabulary communicating channels. intercity traffic wirelesss every bit good as lines to the fire section. infirmaries. and other authorities bureaus ( City of Tulare ) . The Drug Awareness and Education Unit works with other sectors for instruction runs aimed at drug bar while the Crime Prevention Unit helps in the attempt to form the community to assistance in offense disincentive. The CPU works with Neighbohood Watch associations or civilians really trained in Citizen Academies as support to jurisprudence enforcement ( City of Norfolk and City of Tulare ) . Law Enforcement Technology Efficient and effectual jurisprudence enforcement non merely relies on preparation but besides in the handiness of equipment and engineering used to execute police maps. These scope from wireless equipment for wider-range and uninterrupted communications. electronic coverage for incidents and apprehension instances. radio detection and ranging for constabulary auto location. in-car audio-video cameras to enter constabulary minutess with civilians and arrested individuals ( UHPD ) . Police sections besides get better exigency equipment. preliminary breath-testing devices and automatic external defibrillators for first assistance and lifesaving intents. Tasers. tint-meters. condemnable justness records direction system platforms and a host of others ( UHPD and Technology Engineers ) . These engineerings are meant to do the work environment less parlous for officers and for constabulary work to be accomplished with the least sum of clip with more information available to establish one’s opinion on. Plants Cited City of Clive. Iowa. â€Å"Police Neighborhood Traffic Management Program† . 2008. 30 March 2008 lt ; from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cityofclive. com/departments/police/neighborhood- traffic-management-program/ gt ; . City of Norfolk. Virginia. â€Å"Central Records Division† . 2008. 30 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Norfolk. gov/Police/Central_Records. asp gt ; . City of Tulare. California. â€Å"Police Administration† . 2008. 30 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. curie. tulare. ca. us/local_government/departments/police/admin. htm gt ; . Vonk. Kathleen. â€Å"Beyond Community Policing: The Crime Fighting Effectiveness of the Police Cyclist† . April 2002. 30 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ipmba. org/newsletter-0211- community. htm gt ; . Technology Engineers. â€Å"New LEMIS/IBR System Rolls Out at Police Departments in Kentwood and ULL† . 2008. 30 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. technologyengineers. com/news/lemis. asp gt ; . The Police Notebook: University of Oklahoma Police Department. â€Å"Bike Patrol† . 2008 30 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ou. edu/oupd/bikeptl2. htm gt ; . UHPD ( University Heights Police Department ) . Iowa. â€Å"Technology† . 2008. 30 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. uhpolice. org/technology. hypertext markup language gt ; . U. S. Department of Labor ( DOL ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics. â€Å"Police and Detectives† . 2007 30 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bls. gov/oco/ocos160. htm gt ; .

RESEARCH PAPER WRITING SERVICE

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How to seamlessly transfer your skills from one industry to another

How to seamlessly transfer your skills from one industry to another For most of us, our career paths don’t go in a single straight line. Instead, there are plenty of twists and turns along the way- some expected and others surprising and unplanned- as we develop, grow, and change over time. Sometimes a change in jobs also means a change in industries, which, for many, can be a scary and anxiety-filled proposition- especially if the change isn’t exactly what you were hoping and is instead the result of a job loss or shifts in your current field. The truth is, the prospect of â€Å"starting over† in a new career field can be daunting, especially if you’re fairly established and far along in your current field and are worried that you’ll have to completely start over again- but it doesn’t have to be.The â€Å"not-so-secret† secret to successfully navigating an industry change during the course of your career is to take full advantage of your transferable skills- those finely-honed abilities that youâ€⠄¢ve acquired thus far in your professional experience that you can put to good use in the next industry you work for. Yes, it’s true- many of the skills you currently have are not just helpful at your current job and industry, but rather can help you be effective and successful in your future endeavors as well.Transferring and leveraging these transferable skills from one industry to the next is the key to being flexible and malleable in today’s rapidly evolving and volatile job market- and those who are able to competently do so stand the best chance of staying afloat. Consider using the following strategies to make sure that the skills you’ve built up during your career continue to serve you well as you move from one industry to another.Identify your skillsThis shouldn’t be a major challenge for you, as it’s something you’d inevitably have to do if you were updating your resume or simply looking to transition to a new job in your current industry. This should include skills both large and small- you never fully know what abilities will come in handy when you start a new job, especially if it’s in a completely new field or industry. These include both hard skills (things like knowledge of computers or specific programs or instrumentation, an ability to speak a foreign language, any professional certifications you’ve earned, and basically any other measurable and quantifiable talent that you’ve developed) as well as soft skills (more subjective and harder to measure abilities that you possess but that come in handy at work all the time, such as people skills, motivation, leadership, patience, flexibility, and problem-solving). Both your hard skills and soft skills can potentially come in handy in a new industry.Identify the needs of your target industryNext step is to pinpoint the industry that you’re hoping to move into and do your homework to identify its needs. Research carefully and get a good sense of the successes and pain points in the field and where things are likely to move. Look at the opinions of industry veterans and thought leaders- many of whom are likely leveraging social media to share their ideas. An even better potential strategy would be to identify specific companies in the industry that you’d like to work at and get a sense of their needs- which will help you paint a clear picture of how you can come aboard and be a potentially valuable asset.Make the connectionNow that you have a clear idea of the abilities you bring to the table and what the needs of your target industry are, you can begin to identify the skills you possess that are potentially transferable. Use the information you’ve been gathering in your research to hone and refine your skills to best suit your new industry. For hard skills like computer knowledge or mastery of specific equipment, see if the tools you’ve learned are commonly used; if not, see if learning popular industry software and equipment makes sense for you. Soft skills are more easily transferable and are more malleable and adaptable to new fields.Here’s the bottom line- make the most of the skills you currently possess to meet the needs of the industry you’re looking to move into, fill in the gaps where appropriate and realistic, and be confident that you’re doing all you can to make this transition as successful as possible.

News Corporation Near Collapse (1990) & Recovery Essay

News Corporation Near Collapse (1990) & Recovery - Essay Example This may have been partly due to the fact that, at the time there was a sharp advertising recession, the worst in two decades (Roger Cohan 1990). The situation was that News Corporation was saddled with massive debts. Alex Burns (2002) reported that Murdoch's News Corp, which remains precariously afloat, had a colossal $11 billion in debt worldwide, nearly four times the annual turnover of the entire newspaper industry in Australia. In an effort to save the business a refinancing plan was put in place, but at the last minute, one small bank in Pittsburgh refused to go along with the scheme, demanding repayment of a $10 million loan. (Stephen Galloway and Paula Parisi, 2005) The task we have set ourselves within this document is to look at four key areas. Firstly to ascertain where the origins of responsibility for the crisis lay. Secondly to investigate how the crisis position was resolved without resorting to the irretrievable act of bankruptcy, and thirdly we will endeavour to examine how, when other notable media giants have failed, Murdoch was able to escape. Finally we shall discover how Murdoch has been able to revitalise the fortunes of News Corporation, successfully transforming itself into one of the top five hundred global TNC's2 Behind every corporate disaster, there is inevitably an attempt to apportion blame. With the News Corporation situation, the majority of financial media and other experts tended to place most of the blame at the feet of the management. But others were just as culpable. Management's role Rupert Murdoch is that inveterate breed, a corporate gambler. He thrives on risks and the bigger the stakes, the bigger the buzz and the bigger the payout. (Stuart Crainer.1999). In the 1980's he spent considerable amounts on acquisitions for his empire. Whilst the risks he took at that time are reaping benefit now, at the time they would, to any conservative financier, have seemed unacceptable. Perhaps a better example of how Murdoch chooses to live and do business comes in the events, which led up to the great credit crunch of 1990. These began in Murdoch's American acquisition spree of the middle 1980s. He bought the 20th Century Fox network in the US in 1985, the Metromedia chain of television stations the same year, and then in 1986 launched Fox, the first national TV network since 1959. He didn't have the money to pay for all of this, so he raised it by revaluing his company under Australian accounting3 rules, raising its worth from $166 million to $1.6 billion (Lanchester) The most costly corporate move Murdoch made in the late eighties was the investment in Sky. At that stage it was an enormous drain on the businesses cash resources. At the time the satellite subsidiary was posting substantial year on year losses. Despite Murdoch's somewhat dubious adeptness at moving funds around the various and numerous group subsidiaries to cover overextended cash flow positions, Sky had a cash thirst which could not be quenched without dramatically impacting on News Corporations liquidity, seriously reducing its ability to cover other commitments. Thus when the time came to repay $2 billion of bank debt, there were insufficient resources available to meet these contracted commitments. It is apparent from all the researches

Emuglents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Emuglents - Assignment Example Density modifiers can be used to ensure that the continuous and disperse phases have similar densities. This will prevent sedimentation and creaming problem. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable chemical compositions. As a result, care has to be taken to ensure that the physical stability remains intact. Other additives to formulations are colors, flavors, and perfumes. These additives have the capacity of altering emulsions; in terms of the physical characteristics. This is because of the presence of electrolytes which have an effect on pH levels; and, therefore, can impact the flocculation degree. On the other hand, addition of a sweetening emulgent leads to exhibition of Newtonian properties. The consequence of this is that, the rheological suspension properties could be affected adversely. Emulsion viscosity is determined by emulsifying agent concentrations in the formulation preparations. This is applicable to both water-in-oil, in addition to, oil-in-water systems. From the table of results, we can see the effects that surfactants have on the stability of emulsions. In the different solutions, with varying degrees of surfactants we can see that the changes through time depends on the concentration of the surfactants seen in B1, B2, A1, and

Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory

Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory What criteria did Mundell use to identify an optimum currency area and how relevant are these criteria today in deciding whether two countries constitute an optimum currency area? An Optimum Currency Area (OCA) is a geographical region in which maximise economic efficiency is attained by the entire region sharing a single currency (a monetary union), or by several currencies pegging to each other via a fixed exchange rate. National authorities have come to the realisation that by merging with other countries to share a currency, everyone might benefit from gains in economic efficiency. An example of this can be seen in the formation of the euro where the countries involved do not individually match the criteria of an OCA, but believe that together they come close. The aim of national authorities is to establish the correct form of economic integration to maximise efficiency. One of the original founders of the OCA theory was economist Robert Mundell. In his first paper ‘A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas (1961) he presented several principal criteria to create a functioning monetary union. To support these criteria for an OCA I shall on occasion refer to an example of consumer preferences switching from French to German-made products by Paul De Grauwe (2003). The change in consumer preferences will cause an upward shift in aggregate demand in Germany and a downward shift in France as shown in 1 below. The output decline in France and increase in Germany is most likely to cause unemployment to increase in France but decrease in Germany. The first of the criteria for an OCA is price and wage flexibility throughout the geographical area. This means that the market forces of supply and demand automatically distribute money and goods to where they are needed. For example, with regards to France and Germany under perfect wage flexibility, the unemployed workers in France will reduce their wage claims, and conversely excess demand for labour in Germany will push up the wage rate. This inevitably shifts aggregate supply for France outwards making French products more competitive, and stimulating demand, whereas the opposite occurs for Germany. 2 below shows the effect of wage flexibility as an automatic adjustment mechanism. Mundell cited the importance of factor mobility as an â€Å"essential ingredient of a common currency† (Mundell, 1961) and thus labour mobility across the geographical region is one of Mundells main criteria for an OCA. In the case of De Grauwes example, French unemployed workers would move to Germany where there is excess demand for labour. This free movement of labour eliminates the need to let wages decline in France and increase in Germany solving both the unemployment problem in France, and the inflationary wage pressures in Germany. The existence of labour mobility relies on the unrealistic assumptions of free movement of workers between regions regardless of physical barriers such as work permits, cultural barriers such as language difficulties and institutional barriers such as superannuation transferrals. Indeed Peter Kenen referred to the additional costs of retraining workers and there is an â€Å"unrealistic assumption of perfect occupational mobilityâ€Å"(Kenen, 1969). Ronald McKinnon observed that â€Å"in practice this does not work perfectly as there is no true wage flexibility† (McKinnon, 1979). McKinnon is simply highlighting the point that in reality wage flexibility, as well as perfect labour and capital mobility do not always exist. Considering a case where wages in France do not decline despite the unemployment situation (no wage flexibility), and French workers do not move to Germany (no labour mobility) both Germany and France would be stuck in the original position of disequilibrium. In Germany the excess demand for labour would put pressure on the wage rate, causing an upward shift in the supply curve. The adjustment from the position of disequilibrium would in this case come exclusively from price increases in Germany making French goods more competitive once more. Therefore if wage flexibility and labour mobility does not exist then the adjustment process will be entirely reliant on inflation in Germany. Mundell stated product diversification over the geographical area is an important determinant of the suitability for a region to share a currency. This has been supported by many economists, such as Peter Kenen who says â€Å"groups of countries with diversified domestic production are more likely to constitute optimum currency areas than groups whose members are highly specialised† (Kenen, 1969). Finally Mundell stated that an automatic fiscal transfer mechanism is required to redistribute money to sectors with adverse affects from labour and capital mobility. This usually takes the form of taxation redistribution to less developed areas of the OCA. Whilst this is theoretically ideal and necessary, in practice it is extremely difficult to get the well off regions of the OCA to give away their wealth. Mundell produced two models in relation to OCA theory. In the first, under a model of Stationary Expectations (SE), he takes a pessimistic view towards monetary integration, however in his second paper he counters this, and focuses on the benefits of a monetary union under the model of International Risk Sharing (IRS), which has conversely been used to argue for the forming of monetary unions. ‘The Theory of Optimal Currency Areas paper by Mundell in 1961 portrays OCAs under stationary expectations. The assumption is made that asymmetric shocks undermine the real economy and thus flexible exchange rates are considered preferable because a shared monetary policy would not be precisely tuned for the specific situation of each constituent region. This paper led to the formation of the Mundell-Fleming Model of an open economy which has been used to argue against the forming of monetary unions as an economy cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. Whilst the Mundells criteria for an OCA is held in high regard my many economists, there are some criticisms levelled at him. Capital mobility is seen to have been a â€Å"greater adjustment mechanism than labour mobility† (Eichengreen, 1990) and this is a factor John Ingram criticises Mundell for ignoring. Clearly the openness of the region to capital mobility is crucial to the makeup of an OCA, as for trade to exist between participating regions, free movement of capital is necessary. However in the years that followed his 1961 paper on OCAs Mundell realised the criticisms of his previous paper and began to doubt the basic argument for flexible exchange rates as an adjustment mechanism. He became more appreciative of the adjustment mechanism under fixed exchange rates, â€Å"It was not that I had forgotten the Mundell-Fleming model, but that I had gone beyond it† (Mundell, 1997). In Mundells 1973 paper, ‘Uncommon Arguments for Common Currencies, he discarded his earlier assumption of static expectations to look at how future uncertainty about the exchange rate could disrupt the capital markets by restraining international portfolio diversification and risk-sharing. Here he introduces his second model of OCAs under IRS. He counters his previous idea that asymmetric shocks weaken the case for a common currency by suggesting that a common currency can reduce such shocks by sharing the burden of loss. He uses the example of two countries, Capricorn and Ca ncer. In spring, Cancer ships half of its crop to Capricorn and in return it receives evidence of Capricorns debt, a claim to half of Capricorns food crop in autumn. While one country is expanding its money supply and running a balance of payments surplus, the other will be running a balance of payments deficit, and the process is reversed during the next period. Mundell points out that this system is very satisfactory in a world of certainty, however in reality there is speculation about the convertibility of foreign currencies. If Cancer had a bad harvest and produced less crop, to redeem all of notes from the Capricorn would involve providing them with their promised share of crop as usual, leaving Cancer short. The only defence against paying out the promised share of crop would be a devaluation of Cancers currency and thus a reduction in the claim by Capricorn on the crop. Capricorn needs to get enough crops to survive and produce food in the autumn, so Cancer will not also be left short on supplies in the next period. The solution would appear to be a partial devaluation of Cancers currency, so that the burden of loss would be shared between the two countries. Mundell has shown that with different currencies comes the uncertainty of devaluation, a problem which a common currency would not have. Under a common â€Å"world† currency if Cancer has a bad crop the total amount of world currency will exchange for full quantity of crop, irrespective of who holds the money as competition and freedom of arbitrage assures a single price. So long as competition exists, and there are no time lags in the transmission of goods or information, the price of the food will rise for both countries and so the burden of shock is shared automatically and equally by the two countries. To reconcile Mundells two papers and assess the appropriateness the criteria on determining two countries suitability as a currency area I have decided to look at the case of the European Monetary Union (EMU) and its success as a monetary union. There are many examples of countries within Europe that would struggle to maintain international competitiveness without the currency area. The areas of the EU with low labour mobility are furthest away from meeting the criteria of a currency area. However, while the removal of legal barriers (such as visas) has improved this labour mobility, issues such as language barriers remain, for example, a French worker may not wish to move to Spain because they cannot speak Spanish, also people tend to have ties to the places they currently live and may not be willing to move away from them. Bayoumi and Eichengreen (1992) compared the US and Europe with respect to how disturbances in separate regions match shocks in a selected benchmark region. They chose Germany as the benchmark for Europe and found that there is a relatively high symmetry of disturbances within the core of the EU such as Austria, Benelux, Denmark, France and Germany. They also found that the symmetry was lower for western European countries. When compared to the USA, the EMU had a higher probability of asymmetric shocks. However according to Fidrmuc and Korhonen (2001) the extent of the asymmetric shocks is declining in the EU economies. Bayoumi and Eichengreen believe that countries within Europe are further from an OCA than regions in the USA, and so are less appropriate as a currency area. These studies suggest that two countries in the EU are less suited to forming a monetary union than the regions of the USA, although the situation is improving. Frankel and Rose (1998) argued that the higher the trade integration, the higher the correlation of the business cycles among countries, in other words there is greater symmetry of shocks. They also propose that business cycles and trade integration are inter-related and endogenous processes to establishing a currency union. Frankel and Roses empirical findings noted that EMU entry encourages trade linkages among countries and causes the business cycle t o be more symmetrical among the unions participants. Rose and Stanley (2005) find that a common currency generally increases trade among its members between 30% and 90%. These findings agree with Mundells argument that a common currency can help to deal with asymmetrical shocks. Frankel and Roses findings suggest that although two countries considering creating a common currency may not meet the criteria before they join the currency area they may do afterwards. Economists are divided in opinion between Mundells two OCA models. The contrasting views which Mundell presents in his papers have earned him a title as â€Å"the intellectual father to both sides of the debate†. While some economists support the theory of stationary expectations, preferring flexible exchange rates, and conclude against the euro, others advocate the IRS model, preferring the fixed exchange rate, and conclude in favour of the euro. Mundell himself seems to have eventually settled in favour fixed exchange rates in a monetary union however he does still advocate the use of flexible exchange rates in two cases. In the case of unstable countries, whose inflation differs significant from its currency sharing regions and in large countries where there is no established international monetary system, e.g. the USA. From Mundells studies I can conclude that two countries which are heavily integrated through highly mobile factors of production which are highly diversifie d in their goods should join a common currency. With regard to the relevance of Mundells theory today I would say his studies are still valid and used heavily as complementary theory to monetary integration occurring in Europe and throughout the world. References Robert Mundell ‘A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas, 1961 ‘Uncommon Arguments for Common Currencies p. 115, 1973 A Conference on Optimum Currency Areas at Tel-Aviv University, 5th December 1997 Paul De Grauwe ‘Economics of Monetary Union p. 7, 2003) Robert McKinnon ‘Money in International Exchange: The Convertible Currency System, 1979 Peter Kenen ‘The theory of Optimum Currency Areas: an Eclectic view‘, 1969 ‘Monetary Problems of the International Economy, 1969, pp. 95-100 Barry Eichengreen ‘One Money for Europe? Lessons from the US Currency Union, 1990 ‘Is Europe an Optimal Currency Area, 1991 J. Fidrmuc I. Korhonen ‘Similarity of supply and demand shocks between the Euro area and the CEECs, 2001 J. A. Frankel A. K. Rose The Endogeneity of the Optimum Currency Area Criteria pp. 1009-25, Jul 1998 A. K. Rose T. D. Stanley ‘A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Common Currencies on International Trade, pp 347-365, 2005

Money as a Motivator Essay

This paper will discuss the subject of money as a motivator. In addition to research and a cohesive review of literature it will include two interviews with prominent managers which will be analyzed to further enrich the knowledge of the subject by taking advantage of their hands-on experience. I- Introduction: Money, A motivator?Money! That is the violent war between employers and employees. Indeed, motivating employees through the use of money as a material reward or motivator for work achievement is and has always been a matter of controversy. Many theorists tackling motivation theories, human nature in general and motivation in particular, have accordingly examined this issue and yet they did not give the same answer as whether money can motivate workers for work or not. This shall form the main core of this projectBut before tackling this sensitive issue, let us see what does Motivation in general entails? Motivation suggests the strong desire to do one’s job well with an initiation to receive a complement either of moral or material satisfaction. Employers have employed material incentives in the form of extra hours with extra pay, some others give too much importance to the stability of the workers with satisfying their necessaries of life; whereas others have much stressed human relations, good contacts with prospective outcomes, promotion, and occupation with high responsibilities potential. There is no shortage of theories about motivation, and the relation between money and motivation in particular was central to most of them since money has always been held as the bread and butter of each worker and the carrot or the stick with which the employers control the goal achievement processes. Next we briefly review some of the most important motivation theories and there approach on money. II- Review of literature and previous studies:(A) Theories of Human motivation and their relation to money:* The Hierarchy of NeedsThis theory is probably the best-known motivation theory. It was coined by Abraham Maslow during the 1940s and 1950s. In essence, it states that our motivations are dictated primarily by the circumstances we find ourselves in, and that certain ‘lower’ needs need to be satisfied before we are  motivated towards ‘higher’ accomplishments. Maslow indicated five distinct stages, starting at physiological needs and ending at self-actualization needs. In practice, the first stage in the hierarchy, the physiological stage, which contains the needs the employee first tries to satisfy such as food, shelter†¦ indicates that pay is a good motivator within this stage. Money is the supplier of food, medicine, shelter, clothing†¦ but as soon as thee basic needs become satisfied and the employee moves to higher stages within the hier archy, pay becomes less and less a motivator. Money can’t buy safety, a sense of belonging, self esteem or self actualization. * Theory X and Theory YIn 1960, Douglas McGregor advanced the idea that managers had a major part in motivating staff. He essentially divided managers into two categories – Theory X managers who believe that their staff are lazy and will do as little as they can get away with; and Theory Y managers who believe that their people really want to do their best in their work. Theory X managers believe that staff will do things if they are given explicit instructions with no wiggle room, and plenty of stick if they don’t do what they are supposed to do. Theory Y managers believe their people work their best when empowered to make appropriate decisions. Managers who follow theory X’s approach, tend to rely greatly on money as both a motivator and a tool of control. Theory Y managers tend to focus also on non-monetary motivators and rely less and less on money in motivating their staff. With advances in management theories, Theory Y has begun to replace Theory X as the d ominant management philosophy in many organizations and money began to seem as a less effective tool for motivation as we will later see. * Dual Factor TheoryAnother theory to gain prominence at this time was Frederick Hertzberg’s Dual Factor theory. He identified two separate groups of factors that had a strong bearing on motivation. He called the first group ‘hygiene factors,’ because they strongly influenced feelings of dissatisfaction amongst employees. Hygiene factors include working conditions, pay, and job security. According to Hertzberg, they don’t motivate employees as such, but if they are not there, they can adversely affect job performance. He referred to the other group as ‘motivation factors’ because they had a role in positively influencing performance –  such as achievement, career progression and learning. Hertzberg went on to state that you can forget about workforce motivation if you don’t get the hygiene factors right first of all, so you have to get the pay part of the equation right. But he saw pay as not being an actual motivator in the wor k place. You can create disgruntle employees with less money, but you can’t create a motivated employee with more cash. * Equity TheoryJohn Stacy Adams posited another theory in 1965, looking at how motivation was affected by the degree of fairness within an organization, particularly within a group of peers. Consider the situation where nine sales representatives are given a company Mercedes, but one of them is given a Toyota, even though that person believes he did just as good a job as his colleagues. How would that last sales representative feel? Now there’s nothing wrong with a Toyota, but by comparing one’s own circumstances to the treatment of others in a similar situation, very intense feelings can be experienced. These feelings could lead to intense positive or negative motivations. It’s here that money can become a serious de-motivator or even a source of conflict if distribution was not seen as fair. No matter how insignificant the monetary value, a lower raise will be seen as an unfair evaluation of one’s self-conceived performance relative to others and the int ended motivating effect will be transformed into a strong feeling of inferiority and injustice. In practice, managers need to be careful in distributing money incentives within a group of peers because of the emotions this can engender. *Expectancy TheoryVictor Vroom in 1964 put forward the notion that people are driven by the likelihood of genuine success in achieving particular objectives. Three barriers need to be jumped by managers if they want to motivate their people to succeed. First of all, they need to connect the task to be performed to the likelihood of better results. Secondly they need to set expectations that there are positive benefits to the employee in achieving those results, and thirdly they need to ensure that these benefits are of value to the employee. For instance, there is no point asking your employees to be happy about coming in a half-hour early in future if you can’t properly explain how this will lead to eventual real benefits for the  employees themselves. Benefits also should be properly assessed, some employees rank money low on their priority lists, and others give it precedence over other benefits. Setting expectations for benefits that are not valued by employees will not work, managers should not take for granted that money is all that matters and probe for other benefits the employees may consider superior. * Money as a MotivatorThis theory states that all workers are motivated primarily by the need for money; so if you want to get the most out of your workforce, you pay them more. This has particular effectiveness in areas where payment is directly linked to the accomplishment of objectives. This theory is prevalent in many businesses in the form of performance-related pay, incentives, bonuses and promotion schemes. While few would argue that it does not have some validity (indeed it is the driver behind most sales forces the world over), it is not an all-encompassing theory. It doesn’t really address the sometimes complex reasons why people are motivated by money. It excludes people who are not driven primarily for money. It does not, for example, apply to voluntary organizations. In addition, it may not work if meeting the financial objectives might threaten other entitlements, creature-comforts or rights, such as an employee’s location, network of friends, employment c onditions or current level of job satisfaction. Several other related theories such as the ERG and AAP theories also tried to find out what motivates employees the most, and where does pay rank among motivators. The motivational power of money is clear in the sense that more dollars buy more things (but not all things as we discussed before), but why is money sometimes seen as a low quality motivator?(B) Money, an Over Estimated MotivatorIn our research and readings we were able to identify several problems with using money as a motivator in the work place. These points are summarized below and should be taken into consideration by the manager in his efforts to promote effectiveness and efficiency. (1) Cash becoming compensation: The great thing about choosing a monetary reward is that there’s no extra distribution method necessary. Employees view cash incentives and awards as part of their annual compensation,  Because those dollars just become part of what you take home, there’s nothing special about them. The money tends to get spent paying bills, and you don’t really do anything that’s memorable, so there’s no lasting effect relative to the dollars that you’re putting into those incentive schemes. It just becomes a part of that pile of money that you find a way to spend every month and every year. (2) A Tough Incentive to Take Away: Beyond cash’s poor ability to change behaviors, it actually â€Å"can be harmful†. In good economic times, when everyone is flush and goals are being reached, cash can be easy to give out, but when times are bad, and the cash goes away, employees will wonder where â€Å"their† money went. And studies show that they will consider it â€Å"their† money. Discontinuing a noncash incentive program has a considerably less negative impact on employee motivation than killing a cash program. (3) Buyer’s Remorse Affects Money Incentives: A family man receiving a cash award from his company is faced with a tough decision: Put the money in savings or a college fund, or use it to pay bills, or splurge on a family vacation or buy them something special. If he decides to splurge, he may regret the decision later on when a particularly large bill comes due. That quandary can have a negative effect on the overall quality of the award, an opportunity will be considered as wasted if the money is spent or saved. Many non-cash incentive awards are considered luxuries, and earning them through hard work can give employees a sense of achievement. (4) Low Trophy Value: Cash lacks trophy value and social reinforcement attributes that increase the perceived value of the non-cash award over cash, the trophy value associated with noncash incentives is just immense. An employee will always find it more pleasant to talk about a company all-expenses- paid trip, movie tickets or even a warm pad on the back from the boss, than a two hundred dollars bonus check. (5) Money Is Not Promotable: The trophy value associated with non-cash awards can have a positive effect on other employees who didn’t reach their goals and take home the award. It’s harder for the boss to say do better and you  will get a certain cash reward, than to advertise a position for the â€Å"employee of the month† award for example. Money is less promotable than other forms of motivation. (6) Cash Satisfies Needs-Not Wants: Cash is easy for companies to give away, and everybody needs it. But for true motivation, you need to give people something they want or desire, not something they need. A trip to Hawaii, on the other hand, generates memories, and a plasma-screen TV is something they’ll look at every day for years to come-and remember how they got it, a hundred dollar bill gained for an extra ordinary selling week is soon not different from a hundred dollar bill received as wage. (7) Money Is Impersonal: Sure, everyone could use more money, but what’s special about that? The best rewards cater to a particular group’s interests, and having that personal edge makes a big difference in how effective your program will be. (8) One Size Doesn’t Fit All: â€Å"There are no average employees†, average has become wider and wider around the means over the past few years, and will continue to do so. So one really can’t provide one option and think that it’s going to be appealing or motivating to the entire staff. (9) Managers Prefer Noncash: A recent study of 235 managers by the Forum for People Performance Management and Measurement showed that managers prefer non-cash employee recognition programs. According to the study, managers view non-cash awards as â€Å"more important, more effective and generally superior for achieving the majority of specific organizational objectives. (10) No Global Parity: In economic terms, it’s called purchasing power parity, which means, roughly, that the cost of living-everything from the price of a nice dinner for two to a month’s rent-can be vastly different in different parts of the world. Companies with worldwide footprints need to make sure their award offerings are equal on a global scale. A dollar, after all, goes a lot farther in some corners of the world than in others. Non-cash awards such as gift cards allow companies to offer parity in terms  of the overall worth of the award. (11) Money Is Insufficient for Some Employees: in addition for the individual idiosyncrasies of individual employees, money may not be sufficient for some people. Highly paid employees for example may prefer other benefits such as an award ceremony, a club membership, a parking space closer to the office†¦(12) Evaluation of Performance: it’s hard to put a price tag on performance. Even clear rules, such as: sell x items and y dollars, may be seen as unfair. Employees may complain about their store location, their shifts, and their managers†¦ to give an unfair flavor to a peer’s bonus. Non-cash motivators are less likely to be thoroughly criticized and have a greater motivational value. (13) A Trouble Maker: money may set employees against each other, leading to conflict in the company. Employees may also feel forced to compete and thus Money becomes a fosterer of a hostile work environment rather than a motivational tool. (C) Research Study results:Several research studies were done on the effects of money as a motivator, and its position relative to other motivational incentives. – The results of a NOVA Group study under the title â€Å"Factors employees Find Motivating† re affirmed several previous studies in which employees ranked money as fifth among motivation factors. Money was proceeded by: Interesting Work, Appreciation and Recognition, Feeling of being in on things, and Job Security. – A more recent study on done by the Hay Group on retention factors found that money ranked a staggering tenth among employee retention factors. – A research study for 57 managers conducted by Meudell & Rodham showed through analysis of questionnaires that managers saw an increase in performance among their employees for an average of just two weeks after a pay raise followed by a relapse into the prior performance levels. – Several other research papers we saw which conduct research on the effects of money as a motivator on employees of various professions showed similar results. Although the position of cash as motivator varied slightly among different working groups, it still showed that money has limited motivational power. For example In a much publicized study, Gupta and her colleagues analyzed thirty-nine studies conducted over four decades and found that cold-hard cash motivates workers as expected, but the research team acknowledges that money is not the only thing that concerns employees, noting that beyond a certain point higher salaries will make employees happier, but it will not â€Å"buy† better performance. III- Interviews, Analysis and Findings(A) The interviewsIn the process of researching the motivational power of money, we were lucky to interview two prominent managers:†¢Mr. Sami Gheriafi , Process and Institutional Planning Manager -AUB†¢Dr. Saad Andary , Deputy General Manager -BBAC BankAs a basis for the interviews, we prepared a questionnaire to address all the questions that were raised during our review of literature. Through out the interviews many more clarifying questions were asked, the end result was put into a Q&A format, and both interviews are posted in the annex at the end of the paper. (B) Interviews analysisIt was striking how the answers of two managers from two different organizations overlapped in key issues. Of course one will find differences in some approaches, but the overlap in addition to the findings we uncovered in our literature review gave us confidence in our results. Both managers gave non-monetary forms of motivation priority over money. Whether sending over-performers out of the country for advanced training to show the organization’s commitment in improving their career opportunity, or verbal and written appreciation, non-monetary motivators were found to be superior. Empowerment, delegation of authority and freedom of decision are also very important tools used in the organizations to motivate employees. On the other hand, and in compliance with our research, both managers agreed that money is important especially in a region under economic stress, but  they also argued against using it primarily. Dr. Saad Andary noted that money according to his experience may play a good role as a retention factor, noting the huge pay gap between Lebanon and the Gulf, but he doesn’t consider it as motivating. Both Mr. Sami Gheriafi and Dr. Saad Andary also indicated that money has a â€Å"timed impact† that is they as managers notice an increase in performance when a monetary reward is handed out, but this increase tend to dwindle down as the raise is spent. Non-monetary motivators tend to have a longer lasting effect on performance. On the use of money, Dr. Saad Andary pointed out that in current economic conditions, money is the managements easy way out, and even though both managers disagreed on managements ability to put a financial tag on performance, both agreed that it is not productivity that should be an issue, but also commitment to work, enthusiasm and the feeling of belonging to the company that should matter to managers. Money has a tempting impact on new comers; it refreshes the employees and energizes their performance; is an expected part of the motivational basket and if used properly and in an accurate sense will boost performance in times when a push is needed. But the use of money has its negative side as well. Money has shorter lasting effect on employees, it is less effective with employees higher up in the organizational hierarchy, money is also coupled with the firms profitability rather the employees performance in a sense that a hard working employee may not get a raise because the firm is not profitable that year, a thing which will discourage the employee especially if in more profitable years less effort lead to more money. Money also will put a huge financial burden on the company especially when employees begin to see bonuses and raises as part of their pay, they will grow more dependent on monetary rewards and this will produce a high employee turnover rate and a decrease in performance. Money, and depending on the management approach, might easily become a tool for manipulation rather than motivation. For these reasons Dr. Saad Andary forecasts that management will try to limit the negativities of â€Å"money as a motivator† by making reward more institutionalized, in a sense that staff will become shareholders and be granted stocks rather than raises. This will give rise to a partnership between the staff and the firm, the employees will no longer feel as pones moved by management, but rather  they will develop a genuine sense of belonging, and a true interest in the well being of the organization. IV- Conclusion: Money as a MotivatorAll the popular motivation theories have their flaws and detractors, but they do give us an insight into some of the mechanisms at work in day-to-day organizational life. A number of key messages ring true: firstly, people are not automatons and their reasons for behaving in a certain way are more complex than just money or laziness. Secondly, different people are motivated differently – there is no such thing as a simple, all-encompassing solution. Thirdly, it’s important to get the work environment right if you want to get the most from people; and finally, managing perceptions and expectations is very important if you want to help people get the most from their work. As a summary, Money is found not to be a default and automatic motivator, its importance is subjective and its effectiveness in motivating is relative to the type of job and the way management uses it, non-monetary motivational approaches are superior in many ways (as explained above). So if we want to finish up with one message we think that the best conclusion might be â€Å"Avoid the Cash Trap†. V-Annex(A) Dr. Saad Andary interview1)What are the motivation techniques followed in your Institution?What is the role of money in the above techniques?†¢One major form of motivation is to send staff out for training ( specially out of the country : New York, London); this is major motivating because it enhances the employee career and gives exposure to more advanced markets ( only the outstanding people are selected) . The other form of motivation is to promote and to empower the staff (to give him the freedom of decision). Money incentives: an environment which is under economic stress with high unemployment and depressed salaries and wages and also coupled with price inflation required to have constant individual raises , although this does not compensate to the huge job pricing differential between Lebanon and the Gulf); so money plays the role of retaining employees here and not motivating. 2)Do you think Money is the easy way out?†¢In our environment, yes it is, until we have sufficient economic growth to benefit from the oil boom. 3)How can you put a price tag on performance?†¢The appraisals to be reflected in the annual raises. BBAC is an institution working in the financial market where jobs can be easily assessed and priced (especially jobs related to sales, dealing, treasury, marketing†¦) where the management can pinpoint revenues or loss leading to the evaluation of the employee performance. 4)Do you notice an increase in performance after a money raise (bonus, financial reward)? And how long does it last?†¢It gives an immediate improvement in performance and lasts until the raise fade according to its amount (depend on the value of the reward). The bad thing about this is that: if it’s regular bonus or reward then it’s no longer conceived as merit where it becomes more as a salary => that’s why a money raise can’t be that effective motivator to count on. 5)From your experience, how did the concept â€Å"Money as a Motivator† develop through the past years? And where do you see it going?†¢In the banking industry : money became a norm ( bonus at end of the year for example) which is reflected by the profit of the form , so staff is identified with the concept of the profitability => there is functional relationship between â€Å"money as motivator† and † profitability† . See it going : towards becoming more institutionalized , in the sense that staff will become share holders (partners) ; employees will not be granted money but stocks which is a way of partnership that involves the staff in ownership => develops sense of belonging and last relation of employees with the firm. 6)What are the positive/negative aspects in using money as motivator (conflicts and competition between employees)?†¢ Positive: refresh the employees and energize their performance (although for just a period of time). Negative: money is coupled with the firm profitability and not directly related to the employee performance and results; the criteria set  for the rewards are not usually clear and standardized; decreases the sense of belonging towards the firm. 7)Doesn’t money trivialize work and weaken sense of belonging?†¢Yes, money trivialize work and stock option can be the right alternative for improving sense of belonging8)Money: Motivation or Manipulation?†¢Money is recognition of the surplus created by the staff; can’t be considered fully motivation or manipulation. 9)What is your conclusion (experience & personal opinion) about â€Å"Money as a Motivator†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Money can’t be used as a direct and effective motivator due to several constraints mentioned above. (B) Mr. Sami Gheriafi interview1)What are the motivation techniques followed in your Institution?†¢It is at the discretion of the managers of each department to use various techniques to motivate employees. Among many, there is empowerment, delegation of authority, added responsibility – commensurate with seniority and financial incentives, promotions, commitment to employee professional development (mostly through training and development of talent, skills and competencies), and appreciation either verbally or in writing (aka psychological support) or, as specific to AUB, attainment of President’s Service Excellence Award, an annual award given to employees with exceptional and superior customer service and notable productivity over the prior 3 years. My personal experience has led me to the following equation Productivity = Satisfaction x Appreciation. What is the role of money in the above techniques?†¢Money is a major motivator, however, in my opinion it has â€Å"a times impact†! By virtue of human nature, people tend to feel motivated with money, but after a short period of time, usually not more than 3 – 6 months, people tend to forget about the financial increase. The money reward will certainly help improving the employee’s performance in the short term, but its impact will fade out as time passes. 2)Do you think Money is the easy way out?†¢The use of â€Å"easy way out† is a bit  on the negative side, as when you refer to a situation where people circumvent a process or get a way with minimal loss or damage. On the other hand, Money has a strong buy-in and buy-out impact in that it elevates the level of personal satisfaction notwithstanding the longer term fading effect. Money losses its value with time and so does the money based motivation techniques. 3)How can you put a price tag on performance?†¢In financial terms, No! However, performance is measured in productivity of an individual. If the individual is satisfied with the job responsibilities and is being appreciated (both soft and hard), the performance is priced and reflected by commitment to work, enthusiasm, and personal ownership (not physical but psychological). 4)Do you notice an increase in performance after a money raise (bonus, financial reward)? And how long does it last?†¢Performance increase is always noticed after a financial reward. What I would like to point at is that the financial reward should be the consequence not the pre-requisite for an improved or increased performance. In my business life, I have seen many people who work and enjoy what they do with lesser amount of money, but have a great working atmosphere and very appreciative bosses. 5)From your experience, how did the concept â€Å"Money as a Motivator† develop through the past years? And where do you see it going?†¢From what I have seen in the past +15 years, money may have a tempting impact on a new employee or a new comer, but as time passes, and as people grow in hierarchy and mature on the personal level, the more motivating is the work responsibilities, assignments, business setting, atmosphere, stability of the organization, etc. and this is where the motivation is heading. In some cases, money becomes a way to walk out when an offer is made! If the business setup, setting, culture, modus operandi is not appealing, people might not want to â€Å"burn bridges† by refusing an offer, but might as well increase their expectation to a higher level that the employer might and/or will not be able to afford. 6)What are the positive/negative aspects in using money as motivator (conflicts and competition between employees)?†¢ Absolute use of money as a motivator has significant negative impact on the employee and the organization equally. The organizations operating budget will inflate with sky rocketing salary budgets and employees will be heavily dependant on monetary rewards. There will be a high employee turnover, resultant reduced productivity, resultant impact on the organization’s turnover, etc. This is a vicious cycle. †¢The basket of motivational techniques, including financial reward, is a healthy approach to the organization and the employee. Both will benefit from what each party will give to the other. Organizations will receive productivity, commitment, ownership, improvement on the part of the employee who in return will also enjoy the basket of appreciation, work atmosphere, investment in his/her professional development, etc. This is what I call a â€Å"win-win approach†. 7)Doesn’t money trivialize work and weaken sense of belonging?†¢Yes, sometimes it does. 8)Money: Motivation or Manipulation?†¢Again, the answer depends on the approach. In absolute term of motivation, money will be manipulative. 9)What is your conclusion (experience & personal opinion) about â€Å"Money as a Motivator†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Money is one of the motivating factors, but certainly not THE motivator. There are more for people to receive from organizations than money. Let us remember that people make money not the other way around. References http://www.forexprofitingpro.com/sites/ldintino/_files/Image/MoneyGlobeOnFinger.JPGClarifying money’s role in motivating- Lynn W. Robbins University of Kentucky- Journal of Food Distribution ResearchGetting more bang for your buck- Martin Price is the director of HR Equations Ltd- employment today NOVEMBER 2005Motivating the work force (chapter ten) – McGraw -Hill/IrwinMoney not the motivator – The Herald Sun – Thursday, 08 December 2005Money can be a big demotivator- John Fisher, Managing director,